PRESS CONFERENCE BY KOFI ANNAN

UN SECRETARY GENERAL
UNITED NATIONS

January 14, 2003

Excerpts

Good morning, ladies and gentlemen -– and Happy New Year!

We start the year with anxiety –- anxiety over the prospect of war in Iraq, over nuclear proliferation in the Korean Peninsula, and over what seems like violence without end in the Middle East.  Even Côte d’Ivoire, which used to be one of the most stable and prosperous countries in Africa, is now caught in the downward spiral of conflict.

The threat of global terror hangs over all of us.  We don’t know where or when it will strike next.

And these are only the crises in the headlines!

...

I remain convinced that peace is possible -– in Iraq, in Korea, and even between Israel and Palestine -– if States work together on all these problems, with patience and firmness.

...

Question:  Let me ask you about a topic that you do not really hear about often with regard to Iraq.  In the past, you have said that Iraq must face its responsibilities.  You have also said you have been opposed to the war and any type of military offensive.  Right now, with regard to the state of play, what is your opinion?  Should there be a military attack on Iraq -– if a country such as the United States goes ahead -– especially if no weapons of mass destruction are found?

The Secretary-General:  I do not think, from where I stand, that we are at that stage yet.  The inspectors have a responsibility in Iraq.  The Council has asked them to pursue the disarmament programme and report back, and then the Council will make a determination –- if Iraq has performed or not.  If there is a breach, the Council will then have to take the decision.  I think the inspectors are just getting up to full speed.  They are now quite operational and able to fly around and get their work done.  I think we should wait for the update that they will give to the Council on the twenty-seventh, and hear what further instructions the Council gives them.  But the inspectors are carrying on with their work, and I think the resolution is very clear that it is when the inspectors report back, either at the critical stages in their work or if there are unforeseen developments that they bring back to the Council, that makes the Council determine that there has been a breach, and, therefore, there should be serious consequences.  I do not think we are there yet.  So I really do not want to talk about war.  Nor is the Council talking about war.

Question:  Although you say that you would prefer that there not be a war, in the event that there is a war, what sort of humanitarian consequences do you see the Iraqi people facing, and is the United Nations prepared to respond?

The Secretary-General:  We have been doing some contingency planning on that and we are extremely worried about the humanitarian fallout and consequences of any such military action.  Obviously, we do not want to be caught unprepared.  So we have gone ahead and made contingency plans, and we are in touch with governments that can provide some financial assistance for us to move our preparedness to the next level.  But we are worried.  The consequences for the population and the refugees who may have to leave can be quite substantial and negative.

Question:  There has been some debate about what cooperation actually entails in terms of the Iraqi Government’s relationship with the United Nations weapons inspectors.  Are you of the mind that the Iraqis are fully cooperating, as set out in resolution 1441 (2002)?  Or is there a need for what is now being termed “proactive” cooperation?

The Secretary-General:  I think the inspectors who are working with the Iraqis have been very clear, and in their own analysis of the Iraqi declaration they have determined that there are major gaps which need to be filled.  They have indicated that they would prefer -- and they would expect -- Iraq to be proactive in its cooperation.  And I suspect that that would be one of the main topics of discussion when Mr. ElBaradei and Mr. Blix go to Iraq next week.  They will press for the gaps to be filled in; they will press for Iraq to be more proactive in its cooperation; and they will do whatever needs to be done for them to fulfil their mandate.  So it is not perfect.  It is better than it used to be, but I think the inspectors are pressing for the gaps to be filled in.

Question:  Dr. Hans Blix gave an interview yesterday to the BBC in which he said that he did not know how long the American Government was willing to wait for them to complete their searches.  He also said that it could be that one day it will say, “Move aside, boys; we’re coming in.”  Can you explain to us what the procedure is for pulling the inspectors out?  Can he take instructions from a Member State, or does he have to have clear instructions from the Security Council to pull inspectors out of Iraq?  There was a controversial decision made by

Mr. Butler in the past.  Will there be a repeat of that in the future?

My second question is about the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.  The bloodshed is continuous; is it not time for the United Nations to take the bull by horns -- a personal initiative, a one-on-one meeting, you going to the area?  It seems that the conference in London is going to go nowhere.  Is it not time, maybe, that you should take the lead, Sir, in stopping this bloodshed?

The Secretary-General:  Let me start with your first question.  I think that Security Council resolution 1441 (2002) is quite clear that the Council will have to meet based on reports from the inspectors to determine what action the Council should take.  I would expect that if the inspectors find anything, they will report to the Council and the Council will take a decision.  And depending on that decision, we will all see where we go from there.

On your second question, I think it is a tragedy that the bloodshed is continuing.  That is why the Quartet has been very active in trying to work out a road map –- a road map that will operationalize the objective of two States, Israel and Palestine, living side by side, that everybody has embraced.  But you can get there only if you take concrete steps and define what is demanded of each of the parties.  That road map is ready, and I hope we will be able to put it on the table and to the parties, formally, as soon as possible -– perhaps in the next month or so –- and press ahead with the peace effort.

...

Question:  You mentioned that the issue of Iraq is not an issue that relates only to the Security Council, but the whole world is interested in it.  Are you planning, or have you thought about, using your moral authority in a last salvation initiative to help the region -- at least concerning this issue -- and to send some kind of political adviser to underline the urgency of the situation to the Iraqis?

The Secretary‑General:  I have been in touch with quite a lot of the leaders in the region about the region.  The leaders in the region remain engaged in the process of convincing President Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi leadership to disarm and to cooperate fully with the inspectors.  If they do disarm and comply with the demands of the Security Council, the region may not have to go through another military confrontation.  This is a message that I have sent to them, and I keep repeating it.  I hope the [Iraqi] leadership is listening.  All the leaders of the countries in the region, including Turkey, are sending the same message to Iraq.  I hope they will heed the request.

Question (interpretation from French):  Mr. Secretary‑General, if you do not mind, I would like to speak French.  What is your opinion on the debate as to whether or not the United States should be requesting a second resolution in the Security Council before declaring war against Iraq, if that comes to pass?  Do you think that a second resolution should be requested?

The Secretary‑General (interpretation from French):  I think that it has been envisaged in Security Council resolution 1441 (2002) that the Council will take the matter up a second time to discuss the question of Iraq if the inspectors inform the Council either that Iraq is not cooperating or that they have found weapons.  If that is the case, I think the Council is obliged to debate the matter and take the necessary decision.

Question (interpretation from French):  In your view, do you believe there is going to be a second Security Council meeting?  That is, is there going to be a second resolution?

The Secretary‑General (interpretation from French):  I think, normally, there can be a second resolution when the Council discusses these things, especially on such an urgent matter.  They are supposed to take a decision.

Question:  Mr. Secretary‑General, your name has become attached to the idea of humanitarian intervention -- that the world cannot stand by and watch a genocide occur within borders.  Some have argued that the new United States concept of pre-emptive action is simply an expansion of the "Kofi doctrine" of humanitarian intervention.  Do you believe there is a case for pre-emptive military action, especially in the case of incipient terrorism?

The Secretary‑General:  That is an interesting question. But I would want to distinguish the two.  I think the basis on which I argued for intervention, which eventually also led to the establishment of a commission by the Canadian Government, which issued a wonderful report that I would recommend to all of you: “The Responsibility to Protect”. It argues that sovereignty is not just privilege; it also carries responsibilities.  Governments do have responsibilities to protect their citizens.  If they fail to do so, in a situation where their human rights are systematically and grossly being violated, the international community may have to step in, because a government has failed to protect the people.  We should not allow them to use their sovereignty as a shield behind which to commit these gross violations.

If I understand the Washington doctrine properly, that is focused on terrorists or groups or countries that may be planning attacks against them. Therefore the pre-emptive action is, if you wish, an extended doctrine of self-defence.  But it is a difficult issue to deal with, because one can talk of war of prevention, where you see a force arrayedagainst you, with a visible threat, ready to attack, and you make a pre-emptive strike to stop that attack.  There are instances of this in history.  Beyond that, where the threat is not imminent and the evidence is not obvious, it becomes a very murky area to deal with.  So one will have to be very careful when moving into these areas of pre-emptive strike. Of course, the evidence is usually only with the one who is making the strike. Often, others may claim that it is not verifiable or that the evidence is not convincing.

So, except for those situations where the evidence is clear, where there is imminent threat, where it is obvious and so forth, it can lead to lots of confusion and set precedents that others can use.

...

Question:  One more try on Iraq:  You are in touch with Secretary of State Powell; you are in touch with Iraqi officials.  Is there any message on the looming crisis that you are giving them that you can share with us?

The Secretary-General:  Now, I think we are all aware of the work going on in the Council.  We are all aware –- particularly those of you in this room –- of Council resolution 1441 (2002) and the legislative climate surrounding the passage of that resolution.  We will have to assume, and I will have to assume, that the members of the Council acted in good faith; that the issue is disarmament and that they will do whatever it takes to disarm; and that if the disarmament were to succeed and we were to agree that Iraq has been stripped of its weapons of mass destruction, then that should be the end of the story.  If, on the other hand, it were to come out that Iraq continues to defy, and that disarmament has not happened, as I have said, the Council will have to face up to its responsibilities and take the necessary action.  But, of course, this is the understanding and the spirit of the resolution, which I hope we will all respect.

...

Question:  First, just a quick follow-up on the questions regarding the Israeli positions.  Do you consider what they did vis-à-vis Mr. Blair a slap in the face to British diplomacy?  And do you personally feel that the Israelis ignoring your repeated and continued appeals to stop the demolition of homes and to stop using disproportionate force is a slap in the face to you?

That was just a follow-up; my question, actually, is about Iraq.  Have you been at all involved in the alleged talk of trying to convince President Saddam Hussein to step down?  Do you support such a call?  And also, have you or any branch in the United Nations been involved in what we are hearing about a role for the United Nations in post-Saddam Iraq?

The Secretary-General:  On your first question, I really cannot speak for how Prime Minister Blair feels, but, talking for myself -- I sometimes get these kinds of questions -- my answer has always been that it is always better to make an attempt to do the right thing, to try to correct a situation and fail, than to do nothing.  So the question of a “slap in the face” when people do not listen or do not do what is right does not bother me at all -– and I do not consider it as a slap in the face.  I will continue pressing for what I think is right.

On the question of President Saddam Hussein, I have not been involved in any discussions or talks about him leaving Iraq and going into exile.  As far as planning by the United Nations is concerned, we are very active on the humanitarian front.  Obviously, we live in the real world, and we have had lots of experience handling post-conflict situations, or what some call nation-building: from Kosovo to Afghanistan to Bosnia.  We have had quite a lot of experience, and have some ideas about putting together post-conflict structures.  So, obviously, we are doing some thinking, without assuming anything.  But it will be prudent for us to look ahead.

Question:  Are you talking about something like Mr. Brahimi in Afghanistan?

The Secretary-General:  Not at all; I have not got that far at all.  That would be premature.

Question:  Do you believe it would be a mistake for the United States to take the holes and gaps in the 7 December declaration by Iraq and add to that this idea of a lack of proactive cooperation –- in other words, if the inspectors do not find anything, that is a sign that Iraq does not cooperate -– and put those two things together and use that as an excuse for going to war without the authorization of the Security Council?

The Secretary-General:  I really cannot speak for Washington, and I do not know how these decisions would be made.  But I think, if I can judge from the Council discussion last week, that the Council members are not looking to go in that direction at this stage.

Question:  If there is an upcoming discussion in the Security Council about a material breach, should it involve a second resolution –- although my country probably will not be happy to vote at all.  And a little personal question: Recalling your own descriptions of feelings of the Secretary-General, you once said, “I am not necessarily an optimist, but I am always hopeful.”  So, what is your mood regarding Iraq?  Is it just hopefulness or is it optimism?

The Secretary-General:  I think I answered the first question when our colleague posed his question in French, that obviously the resolution requires that the issue go back to the Council for the Council to debate.  This is a crucial and important issue, and I would expect that when the Council tackles this issue, which is at the centre of the world’s and the public’s attention, that they would want to take a decision on it and decide what the serious consequences should be.  They themselves have indicated that if there is a material breach, there will be serious consequences.  I hope they would be able to follow through.

On your other question, let me say that I am both optimistic and hopeful that if we handle the situation right, and the pressure on the Iraqi leadership is maintained and the inspectors continue to work as aggressively as they are doing, we may be able to disarm Iraq peacefully, without need to resort to war.

Question:  I was interested in your answer about a clear case for when pre-emption might be necessary -- forces arraigned against you, a visible threat ready to attack.  Given the build-up of US forces in the Gulf, I was wondering if that is actually helpful towards reaching a diplomatic, peaceful solution in Iraq.

If I could just follow up a bit on the possible role for the United Nations: assuming, of course, that all peaceful means will be pursued, what sorts of scenarios are you looking at in terms of a UN role in a post-conflict Iraq?

The Secretary-General:  On your first question -– whether the presence of US troops is helpful for the solution -– I think I would want to make a distinction between pressure and the threat of use of force and the actual use of force; when do you cross that threshold.  I think there is no doubt in anyone’s mind that the pressure has been effective, that it has worked.  Without that pressure I don’t think the inspectors would be back in Iraq today.  It took us four years to try to get them in there.  Four days after President Bush spoke at the UN and challenged the world and Iraq, Iraq accepted to get them in.  So there is not doubt that the pressure has had an effect.

On your other question, regarding what scenarios the UN is looking at when we look at post-conflict Iraq, at this stage we focus mainly on the humanitarian aspects.  We are doing some preliminary thinking on the political and administrative areas.  We have no definite thoughts, and I would prefer not to be drawn into speculation at this stage.

...

Question:  I wanted to get your reaction to an announcement today by British Foreign Secretary Straw that he reserves the right to initiate an attack on Iraq without there being another UN resolution authorizing it.  Also, last week the European Union President announced that they wanted to dispatch a peace team to the Arab States to also tackle the problem of Iraq.  Your reaction to those things?

The Secretary-General:  I think there are lots of efforts around the world, as I said, by Arab leaders themselves and some European leaders, trying to get the message to the Iraqi authorities to honour the obligations to the Council as a way of avoiding war.  I hope they will listen to them, as I said earlier.

On the statement by the British Foreign Secretary, obviously, it may be his Government’s policy that he is stating.  But I think the Council discussions and the Council resolutions, which guide me, make it quite clear that they will have to go to the Council for further discussions, and for the Council -– which has threatened serious consequences –- I hope, to also determine what those consequences would be.  That would be my reading of the resolution.

Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen.