[ii] Russia shipped 8 Scud launchers and 24 missiles to Armenia between 1992 and 1995. See Nikolai Novichkov, “Russia Details Illegal Deliveries to Armenia,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, 16 April 1997,  p. 15.

[iii] IISS lists 8 SS-23 launchers in Bulgaria, despite prohibition of SS-23 missiles by the INF Treaty.

[iv] Iran reportedly delivered Scud-B and Scud-C missiles to the Democratic Republic of Congo in November 1999.  See “DRC Receives Iranian ‘Scud’ Missiles,” Jane's Defence Weekly, 1 December 1999, p. 5; and Bill Gertz, “Tehran Sold Scud Missiles to Congolese,” Washington Times, 22 November 1999.

[v] The Czech Republic dismantled its Scud-B inventory between 1988 and 1991. The last SS-23 and associated launcher and support equipment in the Czech Republic was destroyed by mid-1996.

[vi] The Dhanush is a naval version of the Prithvi, and Indian officials are reportedly planning a flight test in the near future. See Vivek Raghunvanishi, “India to Develop Extensive Nuclear Missile Arsenal,” Defense News, 24 May 1999; and Rahul Bedi, “India is Set for Dhanush Trials,” Jane's Defence Weekly, 2 February 2000, p. 19.

[vii] The Indian government first acknowledged the existence of the Sagarika in October 1998, identifying it as a 250-350 kilometer sea-launched cruise missile derived from the Prithvi.  Other sources maintained that the Sagarika program also contained a ballistic missile division.  The intended range and role of the Dhanush, however, suggest that it may in fact be the new name for the Sagarika ballistic missile program.  See Rahul Bedi, “India Confirms Plans for Improved Agni and Naval Cruise Missile,” Jane’s Missiles and Rockets, October 1998; “In Search of the Real Sagarika,” Jane's Intelligence Review, July 1998; and T.S. Gopi Rethinaraj, “Navalised Prithvi Causes Confusion,” Jane's Intelligence Review, January 1999.

[viii] The Agni-2 test missile traveled over 1,250 kilometers.

[ix] Estimates of the range of this new missile vary widely.  The National Air Intelligence Center projects a range of 3250 kilometers, Indian scientists have claimed the range will exceed 5000 kilometers, and some Western analysts estimate 8,000-12,000 kilometers.  See Vivek Raghunvanishi, “India to Develop Extensive Nuclear Missile Arsenal,” Defense News, 24 May 1999; Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis,
Exploring U.S. Missile Defense Requirements in 2010: What Are the Policy and Technology Challenges?, April 1997,
<http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/advocate/ifpa/report696_ch4_ind.htm>; and David Tanks, “Ballistic Missiles in South Asia: Are ICBMs a Future Possibility?” Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, Appendix III: Unclassified Working Papers.

[x] The DOD reported that Iran also produces a 200-km “Zelzal” missile and a 150-km “Nazeat” missile, which may be variations of its “Mushak” series. Iran has also tried to acquire a complete North Korean Nodong system and the Chinese M-9 and M-11 missiles.

[xi] Estimates of the range of this new IRBM are only speculative, drawing upon remarks by the Iranian Defense Minister, who identified the missile as the “Shahab-5”.  Kenneth Timmerman also suggested that Iran might be developing an IRBM (which he called the “Kosar”) on July 13, 1999 during hearings on the Iran Nonproliferation Act of 1999.  See Hearings of the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics, US House Committee on Science, <http://www.house.gov/science/timmerman_071399.htm>; and Bill Gertz, “Tehran Increases Range on Missiles,” Washington Times, 22 September 1999.

[xii] One intelligence report called the Al Samoud a “scaled down Scud.”  See “Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs,” US Government White Paper No. 3050, released February 17, 1998.

[xiii] Though intended to have a range of 950 kilometers, the Al Fatah has been successfully tested to only 200 kilometers.

[xiv] The missile impacted 1,320 kilometers from the launch point. It attempted and failed to put a small satellite into orbit, demonstrating some progress in staging technology.

[xv] One analysis suggests that Pakistan developed the Hatf-2 based on French sounding rocket engines that it obtained. See S. Chandrashekar, “An Assessment of Pakistan’s Missile Capability,” Jane’s Strategic Weapon Systems, March 1990, p. 4.

[xvi] Pakistan claimed that the missile impacted 1,100 kilometers from its launch point.

[xvii] Development of the Shaheen-2 was reported in the Indian newspaper The Hindu, but the report was not confirmed by Western sources.  See Atul Aneja, “Pakistan Begins Work on Shaheen-II,” The Hindu, 27 September 1999.

[xviii] See “Pakistan Tests Ghauri 3 Engine; Says New Shaheen Missile in Development,” Current Missile News, Center for Defense and International Security Studies, 9 July 1999 <http://www.cdiss.org/99july9.htm>; “Pakistan Tests Ghauri III Engine,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, 13 October 1999, p. 6.

[xix] IISS lists Slovakia as possessing SS-23 missiles, despite their INF Treaty prohibition.

[xx] The Jerusalem Post reported development of an advanced Syrian modification of the Scud-C, but this report has not been confirmed by Western sources.  See Arieh O’Sullivan, “Syrian Super Scud Ready Soon—Source,” Jerusalem Post, 16 September 1999.

[xxi] This program was reportedly initiated in autumn 1995 and is based on the Sky Bow II SAM.