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[First page is blank except for the following notation:]

"IX.1"

Applications of

Nuclear Physics

Atomic Energy Agency

Al-Qa'qa' Facility

Muthanna Facility

Table of Contents

1. Introduction and Conclusions
2. Biological Effects of Ionised Radiation
3. Mathematical Estimations
4. Radioactive Effectiveness of the Charge
5. Scientific Field Experiments

A. First Experiment
B. Second Experiment
C. Third Experiment

Attachments:

1. Attachment nr. 1: Details of the radiation experiment and preparation of the charge
2. Attachment nr. 2: Methods and mathematical calculations
3. Attachment nr. 3: Second field experiment
4. Attachment nr. 4: Third field experiment
5. Attachment nr. 5:Specifications of the Qa'qa 28bomb
6. Attachment nr. 6: Neutron calculations of the radiation
7. Attachment nr. 7: Opinion of the Air Force Command

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TOP SECRET

Introduction and Conclusions: The purpose of this report is to study the possibility of using the vertical channels of the Tammuz reactor to irradiate quantities of the raw materials of zirconium (containing zirconium, hafnium, uranium, and iron in different proportions) --Attachment nr. 1-- to be used as charges [of target material] in aerial bombs weighing approximately 1,000 KG each to give known weapons additional effectiveness by contaminating the areas in which these bombs are used through spreading radioactive material in a wide pattern in the air.

In order to define this effect and estimate the benefit of using it, a number of experiments were performed and theoretical calculations were made — Attachment nr. 2 . In addition, the necessary industrial facilities were established, with complete cooperation between the Atomic Energy Agency and the Al-Qa'qa' and Al-Muthanna Facilities of the Military Industrial Commission.

We paid special attention to safety considerations and to safeguarding the reactor, since the operations diverged from traditional methods, and we took precautions against the dangers of radiation to the people who handle the charge after it is irradiated and until it is dropped on the enemy.

Theoretical calculations show that it is possible to irradiate a charge containing 2.4 KG of zirconium in some of the vertical columns in the reactor so that the charge will have a biological effect during an irradiation period ranging from 7 to 15 hours. After that, this quantity of zirconium was actually irradiated. An attempt was made to manufacture a charge weighing 3 KG. Upon success, the irradiated material will be greater by the same amount as when decision is made to make use of all the vertical channels in the reactor. There are between 15 and 17 and the number can be expanded up to 20 since some changes need to be made to the reactor reservoir. It was confirmed through the experiment that the Al-Qa'qa' facility can produce charges with the exact specifications, and the charges can be put into the reactor channels without any great effect on the reactor itself.

Lead containers were designed to transport the charge so there would be no ill effect on the workers manufacturing the bomb during the during the assembly operation or on the team entrusted with carrying and releasing it. The lead container (with the irradiated zirconium charge inside it) was placed inside the bomb surrounded on all sides by high-explosive material "T.N.T.". Models of the containers were made, and it was confirmed through tests that the containers would not affect the bursting of the bomb or the scattering of the irradiated material in the area of the explosion. Aerial field tests of the bomb were also performed, with complete success.

Attachment nr. 5 contains design specifications for the Qa'qa' 28 bomb.

A series of calculations was made to estimate the best circumstances for explosion, to produce maximum effect in the explosion area. It was clear from these tests that the optimum situation would be to produce an aerial explosion at a height of 10 to 40 meters, since it would be expected that the irradiated material would fall in an approximately 350-meter diameter circle, producing a clear biological effect on anyone in the area during the explosion or up to a week afterward. It was evident from the experiment performed on the ground that there was an acceptable congruence between the theoretical calculations and the actual results.

Calculated estimates were made (Attachment nr. 2) on a number of the bombs effective in a set target occupying 12 square kilometers. These calculations used
estimation methods based on realistic assumptions in order to hit the enemy with a dose of radiation amounting to 2 Sievert = 200 REM = 200 RAD. This is the dose of the fourth stage referred to in Table A, which has been shown to inflict a number of symptoms of illness, with death expected to follow within two to six weeks although recovery is possible. The required charge to cover one square kilometer is 71 charges, or five irradiation batches at 17 charges per batch.

Other calculations were made to achieve the same injury rate with a wind speed of 2 M/second. The results showed that there would be a need for 1670 charges, i. e. 84 irradiation batches at a rate of 1- 2 days per batch.

To inflict losses by external exposure to the falling irradiated material, our calculations show that large numbers of charges are reeded to produce the same effect. However, if we think of the second stage effects of Table A (nausea, other symptoms), approximately 9 batches are needed.

Closed bombs will cause compound effects, some resulting from direct radiation from the irradiated material falling to earth and others from the irradiated material floating in the air. This material will enter the body through the respiratory system and may also enter the digestive system through polluted food or water, or enter the body through wounds. The overall effect will be the total of all these things.

Zirconium was chosen as a charge because it is used primarily in bombs as an incendiary material and therefore adds nothing new to ''the line of work". Zirconium 95 has a somewhat short half-life of 75.5 days, which helps to dissipate the effect of the bomb after several weeks so that it is difficult to track, analyze, or recognize it after that period. This gives sufficient time for the desired biological effects to take place, especially when there are multiple bombings. It would also be possible for our units to go to the bombed area without great danger after this period has expired.

The weapon will weaken enemy units from the standpoint of health and inflict losses that would be difficult to explain, possibly producing a psychological effect. Suggested uses are:

• Areas where troops are expected to be massed
• Industrial centers
• Airports
• Railroad stations
• Fortified defense areas where the enemy is holding firm
• Bridges and troop crossings
• Any other areas the command decrees

Attachment 5 shows detailed schematics of the final design of the Al-Qa'qa' 28 bomb.

The calculations in Table nr. 1 of Attachment nr. 6 indicate that the zirconium is acceptable in terms of the security of the reactor.

The contents of this report clearly show that the joint efforts of the Atomic Energy Agency and the Military Industrial Commission have resulted in the capability of manufacturing a bomb containing zirconium irradiated for a period of 12-24 hours. The bursting of this bomb will cause the usual effects of the traditional bomb and will add a biological effect which will strike the enemy in the first degree with regard to external exposure, and the degree increases with internal exposure (inhalation). It is clear from our calculations that hitting a point with 33 bombs will lead to the deaths of all personnel within a ten-meter radius of the center, given normal weather conditions. The cause of death will be exposure to radiation.

The principal limitations are:

A. One batch of 17 charges can be irradiated in a day. The radioactive strength/danger lessens (cools) after 4 days. After that, it must be used in bombs and dropped on a target without delay because the effectiveness of the irradiation decreases with time. The period between irradiation and use cannot exceed one week. Note that once the modifications to the reactor reservoir are completed, it will be possible to irradiate 20 charges in each batch.
B. Weather conditions should include as little wind as possible and normal conditions to ensure optimum distribution of the irradiated material in the air and on the ground. This is one limitation, because different weather conditions will greatly decrease the effectiveness of the biological factor to the limits of the first or second stage, and the effects will not appear until after a very long time has passed.
C. All of the work in its entirety must be in accordance with the IAEA guidelines so that none of the workers makes a mistake which will expose him to radiation.
D. Because of the lack of technical awareness this work must be done in strict secrecy, even with regard to those doing the work, so as not to give rise to psychological feelings leading to hesitation because of a fear of radiation. Those in charge must be completely aware of their roles.
E. It must be certain that the bomb will explode by installing more than one fuse to detonate it so that if it does not explode in the air it will explode on the ground.
F. If the enemy were to carry out a specialist physical analysis of the of the dust/soil shortly after the explosion then it would be possible for him to arrive at the nature of the radio-active material the degree of its affect etc.
G. It may be possible for radiation measuring equipments in satellites to record the effects of strong explosions when a concentrated strike is attained at one time.

3. The biological effects of ionised radiation (Table A)

Ionised radiation has known biological effects on man, they are somatic when they appear on a person exposed to radiation and genetic when they appear on future generations. When the dose to which a person has been exposed excedes a certain value rated as O.1 sievert = 10 rem = 10 rad approximately then it is probable that active effects of radiation will appear, this value depends on the nature of the person exposed and the conditions of exposure, it is not likely that clear effects would appear when the dosage is less than this value.

Example of the exposure referred to above are: -effects on the skin, breaking of the lens of the eye, effects on bone marrow cells which cause blood disorders and sterility problems.

When the dosage is more than this value then the effects are in co-relation to the amount of the dosage, the more the dosage increases the more serious are the effects.

Here are physical effects which appear afterwards such as cancer of the lung and luekemia and certain other malignant dieases.

In the event of low dosage with no defined rate of exposure, then the principle of protection against radiation is based on the fact that there is no safe dosage of radiation, and that it is necesary to keep the rate of exposure to the minimum. Certain examples have been given when the whole body has been exposed to dosage at the following rates:-

100 rad = 1gray and there will be nausea and vomitting, if the dosage is more then the bone marrow will be effected.
25 rad = 0.25 gray may cause sterility for three years.
10 rad = 0.1 gray may cause temporary sterility for one year.

Physical effects are one of the important factors in war.

Probable ways of exposure

External exposure: Mainly from gamma rays and partly from beta particles.

Internal exposure: As a consequence of inhalation and swallowing radioactive materials and contamination of wounds.

3. Calculated assessments.

The container of the radioactive material is pulverized and airborne which effectively spreads its contents of Zirconium dependent upon wind speed and direction.

We presume that the explosion can take place in two instances, the first on the earth's surface and the second 30 metres above the surface of the earth.

Attachment Nr. 2 gives details of the calculated assessments to bring about the required effects.

TABLE A
Probable effects of seious radioactive dosage on the whole body

1 sievert = 100 rems = 100 rads (approximately)

Examples

If the concentration of Zirconium in the air = 200 micro-curies/cubic metre

1becquerel = 27.03 x 10^-12 curies

= 27.03 x 10^-6 micro-curies

200 micro-curies/cubic metre = 200/ 27.3 x 10^-6 becquerel/cubic metre

=7.4 x 10^6 becquerel/cubic metre

lf we know that the amount a normal man breathes = 1.3 cubic metre/hour
In one day = 1.3 x 24 = 28.8 cubic metres

The amount of radiation inhaled in a day =7.4 x 10^6 x 28.8

= 213.12 x 10^6 becquerel/day

The factor for converting into the Zirconium equivalent = 4.09 x 10^-9

• Dosage = 4.09 x 10^-9 x 213.12 x 10^6

= 871.66 x l0^-3 sievert/day

= 0.871 sievert/day

We have learnt that the rate of radioactivity of a radioactive charge is 10% after the first week after the period of radiation has ended and in the case of the fourth week after the radiation the radioactivity will have reduced by about 30% of the initial levels.

4. The radioactive effectiveness of the charge.

The radioactivity.

A sample has been prepared to test the actual explosion in the first place and to observe qualities of the physical values during radiation.

1. Weight of the sample 2.400 grammes [sic]
2. Radiation tube nr (16) horizontal in reactor 14 July
3. Period of irradiation 14 hours.
4. Neutron bombardment in the region of 10^12 neutrons/sq cm/sec
5. Temperature on the surface of the sample 58 deg Centigrade
6. Power of the reactor 4.5 MW

After irradiation the sample was introduced to the hot cells for study, its physical condition was very good it was then placed into a lead container.

On Sat 22/8/1987 the level of radiation to the irradiated sample was measured from outside the lead container by touch and from various distances from the end of sample as shown in the diagram. The diagram shows the variations in the radioactive dosage in the sample, as there are 0.1 milli roentgen/hour opposite the top part of the sample, it then rises gradually as we approach the lower part
until it reaches a maximum of 2.5 milli roentgen/hour in the second third, then gradually reduces to 0.2 milli roentgen/hour at the bottom of the sample but the level of exposure for the sample outside the container is given at attachment (1) as it gives the above reading to the value of 25 roentgen/hour by contact and the highest reading by the above method is 0.20 roentgen/hour and the lowest reading is 2.5 roentgen/hour.

0.1 mR/hr
0.1 mR/hr
0.1 mR/hr
0.25 mR/hr
0.7 mR/hr
1.5 mR/hr
2.5 mR/hr
1.8 mR/hr
0.5 mR/hr
0.2 mR/hr

Note.

The details of this test are given in attachment (1)

5. Practical field tests

The field tests aimed for the following:-

a. The first test.

This test was carried out in al-Haswa range on Tuesday 18/8/1987, to check whether it was possible to smash the lead cover of an irradiated charge.

The test succeeded and the blast wave was very strong and the radius of its noted effect was more than 300 metres, and from a test the establishment carried out it was considered that the blast's killing effect was 200 metres from the centre of the explosion.

b. The second test (attachment Nr 2)

This test was carried out in the Western Desert on Thursday 27/8/1987. This test aimed mainly to find out how irradiated matter spread.

This test also included the preparation of the bomb and its delivery to the proposed location and then to carry out field reconnaisance of the area.

The operation demanded personal protective material to ensure the safety of the personnel measuring the level of radiation after the explosion, the wind speed was very high when the test was carried out - more than 8 metres/second. Levels of radiation were measured directly after the test, and rings of radiation were established around the site of the explosion and a programme was started for the contaminated earth.

Immediate readings showed that the level of radiation near the site of the explosion was more than the permitted limit for personnel operating in the radiation fields, also the results of the soil analysis indicated that it was 290 times that allowed for foodstuffs.

It was, however, not possible to measure the airborne part of the cloud which the wind took a long way. This was because there was basically very little irradiated material.

c. The third field test (attachment Nr 4)

This test was carried out in the Western Desert (aircraft firing range) on Monday 14/12/1987.

This test aimed to check the suitability of this weapon for use by aircraft and this was done in two stages. The first was the firing of a [possibly "projectile"] to check on the detonation mechanism and the second the actuality of there being a radioactive charge and using timed fuses to explode it on the surface.

Aircraft payload was one bomb in every case.

The cloud from the explosion rose more than 30 metres above the surface of the earth it was then dispersed by the wind, wind strength was in the region of 2 metres per second. The particles falling down near the centre of the explosion indicated that the two bombs had fallen within 15 metres of each other and the increased level of radiation began as we were still approaching the centre of the explosion at a distance of more than 80 metres.

The highest levels of radiation showed that, at a distance of some 10 metres from the centre, they were in excess of 3 milli rad/hour, this is the highest permissable level for those operating in radioactive fields.

The radioactivity on the contaminated soil, however, reached (7297) which is more than the maximum permissable for food.

The methods of calculation referred to in attachment (2) are unmeasured assessments for which there is no previous parallel and it differs from known estimates for cases of the spreading of radiation after nuclear explosions.

One of the assumptions pointed to the possibility of death occuring after two weeks for people inhaling irradiated material for two minutes and carried by (710) charges if the wind speed was one metre per second, on the assumption that they are within an area measuring 12 square kilometres, but there is a probability that 100% of personnel 150 metres from the target would die if 23 bombs fell on the target.

The incidence of casualties as a result of external exposure requires a large number of charges on the target, the amount required is as high as 8330 charges.

The difference between the two incances is attributable to the requirements for external exposure being greater than those for internal exposure, one must consider both of the effects on the enemy.

Attachment Nr. 7 refers to the opinion of Air Force Command concerning the success of loading and dropping the bombs with certain proposals concerning their requirements.

6. Preparations for formal production

The preparation for production is formal in the reactor, but in order to check on the maximum capabilities for full exploitation of the vertical tubes in the reactor (there are 20) calculations were made which indicate that the operation to irradiate 20 tubes in the heart of the reactor does not pose any danger because of the reaction or the temperature.

Certain modifications were also carried out on the reactor tank, and some cages were made out of special aluminium for cooling in the tank, and vertical tubes and lead containers to receive the irradiated charges.

Then the charges are actually irradiated and taken out from the tank of the reactor straight into the lead containers once, securely to the loading place in complete secrecy.

According to our estimates this test will take two weeks; then it will be possible to give a full and definitive description of all the operations.

ATTACHMENT A

Details of the irradiation tests and adjustments to the charge.

The test
A zirconium container sample operation was carried out from the evening of Saturday 15/8/1987 to the morning of Sunday 16/8/1987.

The production stages and sample inspection foltow:-
1. Production

a. The container was made from three separate bits of pure aluminium as in diagram (1).
b. Pressing and welding of section 3 with section 2 in diagram I and the two sections were examined by exerting pressure on them.
c. Filling and loading the container with 50 gr of zirconium oxide (ZrO) and pressurizing it inside the container io eliminate the presence of any air in it.
d. Insert pieces of compressed zirconium previously prepared to a length of 10 cm each into the container then compress it a second time
e. Weld section 1 to section 2.
f. Carry out a thermal test on the parts which had been joined together.
g. Fix a group from the thermo couples as in diagram 2 as follows:-

• Middle of the sample at a distance of 30 cm from the lower end Tc-l.
• Middle of the heart of the reator at a distance of 32.5 cm from the lower end Tc-2.
• At the end of the upper sample Tc-3 to measure the temperature of the water inside.
• At the lower end of the sample Tc-4 to measure the temperaure of the water outside.

Diagram 7
[diagram]
Cross section showing distribution of temperature in the sample and covers irradiated in tube Nr 16

Diagram 8
[diagram]
Cross section showing distribution of temperature in the sample and covers irradiated in tube Nr 16

Diagram 9
Cross section showing distribution of temperature in sample and covers irradiated in tube Nr 20

Diagram 9
[diagram]

Attachment NR 2
Methods and mathematical calculations

Method of calculating dosage rate.

1. External exposure to Gamma rays
The dosage rate is calculated in Rad/hour with an accuracy of +/- 20% according to the following equation:-

"exposure rate (R/h) = 6 x C (Curie) x E(Me V)

Taking that the source is a radioactive point ranging in power from 0.07 to 4 million electron volts, or a more accurate way of calculating the rate of dosage is to use the constant of Gamma :-

D ( R/h = (Rhm/Ci) A(Ci)

r^2 (m^2)

2 Internal exposure (inhalation)
Dosage suffered = Average amount of air inhaled

x Concentration of the radioactive material
x Conversion factor of the radioactive matter.

3. Calculations for the concentrations of air inhaled

We note from table 2 that in average conditions the highest concentration is 38 Micro curies per cubic metrc at a distance of 590 metres from the centre of the explosion.

The highest level permissable for bodily damage ''MPBB"

for Zirconium = 20 Milli curies

The highest permissable concentration in the air for the workers is:-

3 x 10 Milli curies per cubic cm

= 3x10^-2 Milli curies per cubic metre

38___ = 13 x 10^2 = 1300 times more than the maximum permissable
3 x 10^-2

This number scientifically represents the limit which it is not pemissable to excede for workers in the radioactive fields on health grounds .

4. What is needed for internal exposure by inhalation

a. First method

What is required is the sievert dosage of the fourth stage in table O page 4 which causes death after two weeks = 200 Rems for the period of one minute in the air

The dosage suffered = average amount of air inhaled x effectiveness of the matter x conversion factor

2. Sievert = 1.2 cubic metre/hour x becquerel (effectiveness) x 4.09 x 10^-9
Sievert/becquerel

(becquerel) effectiveness =
_ _____3 Sievert_____._
(1.2/60) cubic metre/minute x 4.09 x 10^-9 Sievert/becquerel

when 1 Sievert = 27.02 x 10^-12 Curie

= _______3_________
0.02 x 4.09 x 10^-9

= 24.45 x 10^9 becquerel

= 24.45 x 10^9 x 27 x 10^-12

= 660 x 10^-3

= 0.66 Curies per cubic metre will cause the fourth stage for every minute

When the one charge = 390 milli curies/Kgm
and the weight of the charge = 2.4Kgm
therefore effectiveness of each charge = 936 milli curies
=0.936 Curies

The one charge (0.936/0.66) = 1.42 metres for the occurrence of fourth stage casualties per one cubic metre per one minute

speed of wind 1 m/sec = 60 m/min
Dimensions of the rectangle 2 km x 6 km = 12 square km

6000 = 100 minutes to cover the distance
60

To get the required concentration on the path of 6 Km we need .100 = 70.42
1.42
= 71 charges approximately for one line

We assume that one bomb after exploding will adopt a conical path and the conical paths for a number of bombs exploding on one line will blend into each other when the distance between one and another is 200 metres on the width of a target of 2 Km

This means that the number required is (2000/200) = 10 one [comment:- possibly means units] to cover the width of the target.

lf the total number required is = 10 x 71= 710charges

(710) charges equals (71/20) = 35.5

= 36 loads of radiation at the rate of 20 charges per batch.

b. Second method

Table Nr A, settled conditions at a distance of 300 metres from the centre of the explosion, wind speed 1 m/sec the concentration equals 5100 micro curies/cubic metre.

= 370 x 10^-6 Curies/cubic metre = 370 x 10^-6 x 3.7 x 10^10 becquerel/cubic metre

= 1369 x 10^4 becquerel/cubic metre

Rate of human inhalation = 1.2 cubic metres/hour

Using the calculations given in Table A it is possible to select the most favourable and ideal atmospheric conditions and distances to achieve the optimum effects.

It clearly appears that when the bomb is exploded on the surface then the radioactive concentration at a distance of 150 metres from the center of the explosion when the wind speed is 2 m/sec is 20,000 micro curies/cubic metre but this concentration reduces as we move away from the centre.

20 x 10^3 micro curies/cubic metre = 20 x 10^-3 Curies/cubic metre

= 0.02 Curies/cubic metre

When the casualties of the fourth stage for every minute of inhalation = 0.66 Curies/cubic metre.

therefore the one charge causes (0.02/0.66) = 2 x 10^-2 / 66 x 10^-2

= 0.03 times the incidence of casualties at stage four at a distance of 150 metres from the target.

This number represents the probability of personnel casualties with the symptoms of the fourth stage from one charge if they were at a distance of 150 metres from the centre of the explosion in these conditions.

If we wanted a 100 % probability then 33 bombs or approximately 2 radioactive batches are needed.

5. External exposure caused by surface contamination.

Table Nr 3 explains the distribution of the matter on the surface of the earth (micro curies/cubic metre) under various atmospheric conditions when the explosion is on the surface.

The maximum concentration at a distance of 150 metres from the centre of the explosion is 40 thousand micro curies/cubic metre when conditions are settled and wind speed is 1 m/sec in order that the following equation can be applied for the dosage rate (roentgen/hour) at a distance of 1foot

= 6 effectiveness (Curie) x power (million electron volts)

=6 x 40 x 10^3 x 10^-6 x 0.7

= 6 x 40 x 7 x 10^3 x 10^-7

= 1780 x 10

= 168 x 10^-3 rad/hour

If the personnel remain for a period of 40 days then the dosage

= 168 x 10^-3 x 40 x 24

= 161.28 rad for every square metre
If we know the area it is required to contaminate = 12 square Km

= 12 x 10^6 square metres
2 Sievert = 200 rad approximately

representing (161.28/200) = 0.8064

The one charge which will cause casualties of the fourth stage
The number of charges depends on the area to be contaminated.

The bomb is not the direct source of the radiation covering an area of ground, it is the contamination of the surface and the food stuffs on and their consumption which cause the internal damage

6. Activity required to cover an area of ground (external effects)

In order to calculate the activity required to cover a rectangle of ground with an area of 12 square Km and to cause a dosage of external exposure which would cause stage two casualties in table A, that is to say 25-100 Rem.

Let us assume that the dose for every square metre is 25 Rad.

Rate of activity (Curies) =
______25 Rad_____
6 x 0.7 (million electron volt)

= 5.95 Curie for one hour

Let us assume that the duration of the stay is 40 days
The active -required equals (5.95/40 x 24) = 6 milli curies per square metre

to cover an area of 12 sq Km = 12 x 10^6 square metres

We need 6 x 12 x 10^6 =72 x 10^6 milli curies

but the proportion which will be covered by the falling particles will be 1/16 of the total area

this means that we need (72/16) x 10^6 =4.5 x 10^6 milli curies

When the initial irradiation is 390 milli curie/Kgm and the secondary irraiation is 1170 milli curie/Kgm
=1.17 Curie/Kgm

and the one charge = 2.4 Kgm
or 2.4 x 1.17 = 2.8 Curies
and the irradiation load is 20 charges
or each load = 20 x 2.8 =56 Curies

6 4
therefore the number of loads required = 450 x 10^4/5.6 x 10^4

= 80.356 irradiation loads to inflict the required external effects.

b. Another example to calculate external exposure as a consequence of a radioactive charge when measuring the rate of radioactive dosage resulting from a charge with a reading of 25 Rad/hrs

When we assume that the source is a point - 30 Rad/hrs
If this charge fell on an area measuring one square metre and period of exposure was 40 days,

30 x 24 x 40 = 2880 rad for the full dose
when the fourth stage dose is 200 Rad

Therefore the number of doses which the charge will cause for this period of time within the area of one square metre

= 28800 = 144 times at fourth stage scale.
200

When the required area = 12 sq Km = 12 x 10^6

So the number of charges =(12 x 10^6/144) =8.33 x 10^6 =8330 charges

This requires (8330/20) = 417 irradiation loads

7. The relationship between concentrations in the air or on the surface with the distances from the centre of the explosion in various atmospheric conditions and at various altitudes.

a. The three explanatory drawings attached to table Nr A show the relationship between the concentrations in the air (micro Curies/cubic metre) with the distances from the point of explosion when at altitude zero from the surface of the earth. It also shows the relationship {with} the three atmospheric conditions (unsettled, moderate, settled)

The greatest concentrations occur at a distance of 200 metres from the point of the explosion then fall off rapidly ever quicker as the distance increases. The highest level of concentration permissable in the air for workers in the radioactive fields is:-

3 x 10^-8 micro curies/cc

= 3 x 10^-2 micro curies/cubic metre

All the calculations given in Table A are much more than this concentration.
If a man standing at a distance of 2 Kms in the direction of the wind in unsettled atmospheric conditions breathed in and the wind speed was 4 m/sec we would find that he had received a dose of

(0.6/3 x 10^-2) = (0.2/ 10^-2) = 2 x 10^-1 x 10^2

=3 x 10

= 20 times the maximum amount allowed

The concentration of 0.6 micro curies per cubic metre referred to above is considererd to be very slight.

Now we have a high concentration calculated to reach 20,000 micro curie/cubic metre when conditions are settled and wind speed is averaging 2 m/sec at a distance of 150 metres from the centre of the explosion on the surface this means that the dosage equals

(20,000/ 2 x 10^-3) = 1x 10 more than the highest levels allowed

Table Nr 1, distribution of concentration (micro curies/cubic metre) in the air under various atmospheric conditions if the altitude of the source is:-

Graph
Actual altitude of the source = 0 metres from the surface of the earth

Weather - unsettlkd

Graph

Actual altitude of source = 0 metre from surface of the earth
weather moderate

Graph
Actual altitude of source = 0 metres from the surface of the earth

Weather settled

b. The three explanatory graphs attached to to table nr 2 represent the relationship between the concentration in the air (micro curies/cubic metre) and the distance from the point of the explosion when it is at an altitude of 30 metres from the earth's suface and also shows the relationship of the three types of atmospheric conditions (unsettled, moderate and settled)

The highest level of concentration is at a distance of 570 metres then decreases gradually.
All the calculations given in table Nr. 2 are much greater than the highest concentration permitted in the air this is 3 x 10^-2 micro curies/cubic metre.

Table Nr 2, distribution of concentration (micro curie/cubic mitre in the air under various atmospheric conditions if actual altitude of clouds is 30 metres

• Very slight
  
  

Graph

Actual altitude of source = 30 metres from the earth's surface
Weather unsettled

Graph as before with moderate weather

Graph as before with settled weather

c. The three graphs attached to Table Nr 3 show the relationship betwen the concentration on the surface of the earth (micro curies/cubic metre) with the distance from the point of the explosion when altitude is zero from the surface of the earth, and also shows the relationship with the three types of weather conditions.

The greatest concentrations are at a distance of 150 metres from the centre of the explosion and are at their most intense when the wind speed is lm/sec and highest when the weather is settled.

Table Nr 3: the distribution of concentrations on the earth's surface (micro curies/sq metre) under moderate weather conditions if the actual height of the clouds = zero

Actual altitude of the source = 0 metres from the earth's surface
Weather unsettled

[x axis] distance x 10 metres

[y axis] concentration on the ground in micro curies/cubic metre

Graph as before - weather moderate - axes the same

Graph as before - weather settled - same axes

d. The three graphs attached to Table 4 show the relationship between the concentrations on the surface of the earth (micro curies/cubicmetre) with the distance from the centre of the explosion when it is at an altitude of 30 metres from the earth's surface and also shows the three types of weather conditions.

The greatest concentration is at a distance of 570 metres from the centre of the explosion and when the wind speed is 1 m/sec, this is the best to achieve the greatest casualties and shows that moderate weather is most suited to cause casualties

Table Nr 4, file distribution of concentrations of the matter on the earth's surface (micro curies/cubic metre) under various weather condifions when the actual altitude of the clouds is 30 metres.

Very slight

Graph
Weather unsettled

{x axis] distances x 10 metres
[y axis] concentrations on the earth's surface in micro curies/cubic metre

Graph as before - weather moderate

Graph

when height is 30 metres above the ground
Weather settled
(axes as before]..

The accompanying graphs show the relationship betwen the concentrations in the air or on the ground with the distance from the centre of the explosion in two conditions :-

(i) at a height of zero from the surface
(ii) at a height of 30 metres above the surface

Wind speed 1 m/sec has been selected as it is best for inflicting the greatest casualties and gives the three weather conditions.

It is clear from these graphs that a height of 30 metres from the surface and moderate weather conditions are the most preferable

Graph

Actual altitude of the source = 0 metres above ground level:
[x axis]- distance x 10 metres
[y axis] - concentrations in the air in micro curies/cubic metre

* 1 m/sec unsettled
x 1 m/sec moderate
y 1 m/sec settled

Graph as before but for attitude 30 metres.

Graph

Actual height of the source above the ground = 0 metres
• [x axis] - distance x 10 metres
• [y axis} - concentration on the ground in micro curies/square metre

• o unsettled
x moderate
y settled

Graph as before but for altitude 30 metres

[note at the top:- maximum concentration ]

Graph 5

Showing concentrations (mci/m3) in the air when weather is moderate and wind speed (1 m/sec) "stability class "D"

[Explanation of criteria at top left]:- maximum value = mci/m3
Air conditions [brackets "wind speed/stability class]

Graph 6

Graph as before but for wind speed 2m/sec

Nr 1 shows the characteristics of concentrations of the irradiated matter in the air when the wind speed is 1 m/sec and for various weather conditions for an explosion directly on the ground. Concentrations for settled conditions are greater than for moderate and unsettled and are the greatest possible when near to the centre of the explosion, or within 200 metres, they will then begin to
diminish sharply as we go further away so we pay no attention to distances of more than 600 metres.

Diagram Nr 2 shows the characteristics of the irradiated matter in the air when wind speed is 1 m/sec and leather conditions various for a detonation 30 metres above the ground. In unsettled conditions the maximum value for the concentrations is at a distance of up to 250 metres from the centre of the
explosion. It shows that they tail off sharply, but in moderate conditions, however, they increased as we got further from the centre until they reached their maximum at about 600 metres from the centre then decreased as we moved further away.

Diagram Nr 3 shows the characteristics of irradiated matter in the air when wind speed is 1 m/sec and for various weather conditions for an explosion on the surface, it is clear that moderate conditions are most suitable

Diagram Nr 4 shows the characteristics of irradiated material in the air when wind speed is 1 m/sec and for various weather conditions for an explosion at 30 metres above the ground it shows moderate conditions to graduated altitude until its maximum value reaches a distance of 600 metres then it decreases gradually as we move away from the centre.

Graph Nr 1-1 shows the concentrations at given distances from the centre of the explosion in unsettled weather conditions when the explosion is on the surface and for three types of wind speed. It is clear that a wind speed of 1 m/sec achieves the greatest amount possible of effective concentrations.

Graph Nr 1 -2 shows the concentrations at given distances from the centre of the explosion in moderate weather conditions when the explosion is on the ground and for three type of wind speed. It is clear that a wind speed of 1 m/sec also gives the greatest amount possible of effective concentrations.

Graph Nr 1-3 shows the concentrations at given distances from the ground when the weather is settled and for three types of wind speed. It shows that wind speeds of 1 and 2 m/sec are almost equal respect of effective concentrations.

Generally we conclude that the most suitable weather conditions are when the weather is moderate and when wind speed is 1 m/sec following this in importance are settled conditions.

Graph Nr2-l shows the concentrations at given distances from the centre of the explosion in unsettled weather conditions when the explosion is at a height of 30 metres above the ground and for three various wind speeds . It is clear that the most suitable wind speed is 1 m/sec for effective concentrations.

Graph Nr 2-2 shows the concentrations at given distances from the explosion in moderate weather conditions when the explosion is at an altitude of 30 metres above the ground and for three different types of wind speed . It is clear that the most suitable wind speed is 1 m/sec and that the maximum value is at a distance of 600 metres from the centre of the explosion

Graph Nr 2-3 shows the concentrations at given distances from the centre of the explosion in settled weather conditions when the explosion is 30 metres above the ground . It shows that the most suitable wind speed is 1 m/sec followed by 2 m/sec whilst there is no value in conditions with a wind speed of 4 m/sec for the purpose of effective concentrations.

Graph Nr 3-1 shows the concentrations at given distances from the centre of the explosion in unsettled weather when the explosion is directly on the ground; this shows that the best wind speed is 1 m/sec and the maximum concentration is in the vicinity of the target and at a distance of approximately 300 metrs and this diminishes quickly as we move away from the target.

What was said above also applies to Graph Nr 3-2 which represents moderate weather.

Graph 3-3, however, which represents settled weather conditions clearly shows that a wind sped of l m/sec is most suitable.

Graphs 4-1. 4-2. 4-3 show concentrations on the ground for distances from the target when the explosion is at a height of 30 metres above the ground. Every graph has a line for each of the three wind speeds, it is clear that the most suitable wind speed is lm/sec. In moderate weather conditions the concentrations increase until they reach their highest \ alue at a distance of about 600 metres from the centre of the explosion.

Graphs 5 and 6 show the anticipated behaviour of the radioactive clouds after they have been released at an altitude of 30 metres above the ground and affected by the wind speed and direction with respect to two wind speeds, 1 and 2 m/sec consequetively. The eliptical graph for the the direction of wind movement shows increasing lines for the concentrations whilst the internal line shows the greatest concentrations and they then begin to decrease as the lines spread outwards.

The mathematical assessments show that the greatest concentrations occur at a distance of 590 metres from the centre of the explosion at a rate of 39.5 micro curies/cubic metre in these conditions.

Results of mathematical calculations
The results have been collated in the tables as follows:-

Table 1 shows the distribution of concentrations (Mci/cu.m) in the air in various weather conditions when the actual height of the source is zero.

Table 2 shows the distribution of concentrations (Mci/cu.m) in the air in various weather conditions when the actual height of the source is 30 metres above the ground.

Table 3 shows the distribution of the concentrations (Mci/cu.m) on the surface in various weather conditions if the actual height of the source is zero.

Table 4 shows the distribution of the concentration (Mci/cu.m) on the surface in various weather conditions if the actual heighl of the source equals 30 metres.

The above mentioned tables show the concentrations on the axis of the contaminated sector i.e. the points (Xi,0) as they are the greatest concentrations in respect of all distances and lowest wind.

Graph 1 shows the curves equal to the concentration (Mci/cu.m) in the air when the weather is moderate and when the wind speed is very low (1 m/sec).

Graph 2 shows the curves equal to the concentration (Mci/cu.m) in the air when when the weather is moderate and wind speed 2 m/sec.

The two graphs 1and 2 are given for a height of 30 metres and give the maximum amounts and distances where the greatest concentrations occur, and in graph 1the greatest concentration is 39.5 Mci/cu.m at a distance of 590 metres, i.e. close to a distance of 600 metres from the source. In graph 2 the greatest concentration is 39.5 Mci/cu.m at the same distance of 590 metres because the weather conditions are equally settled (i.e ''Natural" or "Stability Class D").

In Table 1 the concentrations are at the highest possible at the closest distances to the centre of the explosion and decrease as we move away.

In Table 2 the concentrations begin to increase until they reach the highest value at a distance of 590 metres, they then begin to reduce as we move away from the centre of the explosion.

This fact maybe suggests that we prefer the method of explosions on the surface except that the force of the explosion makes some of the irradiated matter bury itself in the ground.

The same points can be applied to tables 3 and 4.

ATTACHMENT 3

Second field experiment

It was agrred with the Dirctor General of al-Muthanna Establishment and the Director General of al-Qa'qa' Estabtishment to carry out a field experiment to explode a charge in a one ton bomb.

The sample was irradiated on Saturday 15/8/1987 and the area of the experiment was reconnoitred on Sunday 23/8/1987, and the Field experiment was carried out on Thursday 27/8/1987.

1. Material requirements
a. The site
180 kms from Baghdad on al-Rutba road

Directions - go past police station and clinic on the left of the road, then comes Qantara, 22 kms further on, on the left of the road there is a paved track suitable for vehicles , left for three kms

b. Admin affairs

al-Muthanna Establishment look responsibility for all admin affairs, accommodation, food, guards and protection

c. Material requirements for the experiment

(i) After the irradiation operation and inserting the sample into its lead container, it was sent to al-Qa'qa' Establishment and the bomb was prepared in its final form there.

(ii) Protective measures
The organisation assumed complete responsibility for all security and protective measures throughout the series of operations of preparation, irradiation and secure transportation. It also provided personal protection, such as: anti-atomic dust masks, rubber capes of various thicknesses, thick rubber boots,working clothes, pocket radiation meters. "TLD" thermal reflection disc carriers for planting in the area of the experiment, portable radiation measuring equipments, field transport to take the sample from the ground.

2. Execution of the experiment.
a. We moved to the assembly area on Wed 26/8/1987 in order to carry out the experiment on Thurs 27/8/1987 hoping that the wind would be light.
b. The bomb was placed in a disctinctive spot.
The wind speed was 8 m/sec, this was very high as the preferred wind speed was 1 m/sec.
c. As mathematical calculations pointed to the fact that the concentrations would reach a distance of more than 2 Km from the point of the explosion when the wind was light the experiment was observed at a spot one Km up from the wind.
d. The sample was taken from the ground for physical analysis and to carry out radiation survey of the site with the portable equipment to establish the amount of residual radiation before the experiment.
e. TLD thermal reflection disc carriers were set out in plastic bags to protect them from the dust at a rate of 4 discs per carrier and the discs and the carriers were numbered and were attached to iron posts one metre from the surface of the ground in places fixed on the map and on the ground as in diagram 1 which is attached.
f. The explosion was awesome. We saw the blast wave moving out of the centre of the explosion in the form of a circle moving at great speed , then an awesome cloud of earth rose to a height of 200 metres approximately from the earth's surface, then it moved off in the wind direction at the wind's speed. We waited for 15 minutes after the explosion, then a group of the organisation with all its protective equipment, moved into the area of the experiment and registered the readings for the rates of radiation dosage using the portable equipment (diagram 1).

3. The readings indicate the following:-
a. A quantity of irradiated matter was concentrated in the bomb crater as it reached more than the upper limit of the portable equipment. 10,000 pulses per second = 2,000 micro rads per hour which equals more than 2 milli rads per hour or more than the maximum permissable for men working in radiation fields.
b. The wind carried another quantity of the irradiated matter with the cloud which had been raised and then diminshed because of the wind and fell a long way from the area of the reconnaisance. But it was not practical to carry out reconnaisance over distances of more than two Km because the quantities of irradiated material would be imperceptible. This fact shows that the quantities of irradiated material which fell and were then measured were the perceptible part of the matter but the other part which flew away as particles suspended in the air or came down at great distances surely has a tactical effect when inhaled by the people.
c The level of radiation was almost equal round the bomb crater which had a radius of 30 metres, i.e. up to about 800 micro rad/hour .

Diagram

[word at centre = "centre"]
{words at bottom left = "numbers of the xxx]

Table Nr 1

Measurement of the thermal reflection discs ''Tm: CaSO'' after exposure of 245 hours (0700 hrs on 27/8/1987 to 1200 hrs on 6/9/1987).

* 1 micro Gray = 10^2 micro Rad

Table Nr 2

A sample was taken from the ground close to the centre of the explosion, another sample was taken before the explosion and they were then taken to the laboratories for measurement of their activity and to establish their radioactivity and this was as follows:-

10.73 x 10^4

[Note:- the values "nCi" and "mCi" are as in the original]

1 Ci = 3.7 x 10^10 Bq

If we work on the maximum permissable contamination for food which is in force nationally at present, 370 Pecquerel/Kgm, then we would find that point Nr 1 (which was the least irradiated of the area) gives the lowest reading which is approximately 8.1 times less than the maximum allowed. Area Nr 8, however, had the highest reading of the 4 results taken (as far as was possible) and this was 1.73 x 10 Pecquerel/Kgm and this is 290 times greater than the maximum allowed.

d. In diagram 1 the entries from 1 to 15 show the numbers of the carriers of the thermal reflecting discs which were set out in the area stretching from the centre of the explosion in the direction of the wind and at the distances shown.

After it had been noticed that that the readings in the area of carriers 8 and 9 were very small, they were moved to the area alongside the bomb crater.

The readings of the discs given in Table 1 show that the area of the explosion became low in radiation after approximately 10 days because the radiation disappears and most of the area falls within the readings of the lower radiation for the area at 7 - 13 micro rads/hour.

With the exception of discs Nr 8 and 9 which were moved close to the bomb crater, there is evidence that the irradiated matter which* was concentrated in the crater by the vertical action of the force of the explosion, this fact was confirmed by the direct readings which were taken on 6/9/1987, as the level of radiation at a distance of 2 metres from the centre of the explosion was 0.8 milli rad/hour

*[Note:- the word "which" appears in the original, but the passage would read better if it were omitted]

e. Table Nr 2 shows the laboratory results of the physical analysis of the sample taken from the soil around the bomb crater, except for sample nr 1 which was taken from the test area before the explosion and which shows low radiation.

Indeed the result of sample Nr 1 is near the lowest radiation.

Sample 8, however, which was near the crater shows an increase of 290 times above the highest level allowed nationally for foodstuffs.

ATTACHMENT NR 4

Third field experiment.

We liaised with Air Force HQ to carry out a live firing test for the bomb when its manufacture had been completed by the al-Qa'qa' establishment.

The basic reasons for this test were those of interest to the air force from a technical point of view.

The experiment was carried out in the Western Firing Range on the al-Rutba road at a distance of some 200 Km on Mon l4/12/1987. Two cold projectiles were successfully dropped at exactly one o'clock and the distance between the points where they dropped was inside 50 metres. Then two live projectiles were dropped at exactly 4 o'clock and the distance between their points of impact was less than 15 metres.

The cloud of the explosion rose approximately three hundred metres from the surface of the earth. The wind speed was fluctuating between 1-2 m/sec and the weather was calm.

A group of the organisation left about half an hour after the explosion to allow sufficient time for the irradiated cloud to disperse and the direct readings of the level of radiation were recorded by using the portable equipment. The equipment was increasingly affected as we approached the centre of the explosion (diagram Nr 1) and at a distance of 80 metres the readings were 150 pulses/sec. It then
began to increase until it reached more than 15,000 pulses/sec near the centre of the explosion.

We must point out that a significant part of the fall-out went with the cloud into the air and it was not possible to follow this small amount of radioactive matter by means of the portable equipment, but if the quantities were larger this would facilitate the search for radioctive matter.

Thermal reflection discs were set out.

The attached table shows the results of the analysis of the soil from the area near the centre of the explosion.

According to the table given below.

Comment
a. The number of the sample is the same as the number of the thermal reflection disc.

b. The highest value for the contamination of the earth is at point 5 which is near the centre of the explosion between the first and and the centre of the second explosion and this was 73.2 micro curie/Kgm =

= 73.2 x 10^-6 Curie

when 1 pecquerel = 27.02 x 10^-12 Curies

therefore I Curie = (1/ 27.02 x 10^-12)

so, the rate of contamination of the earth = 73.2 x 10^-6 x (1/ 27.02 x 10^-12) =

73.2 x 10^6 = 2.7 x 10^6 Pecquerels/Kgm
27.02

When the maximum allowed nationally for foodstuffs is 370 Pecquerel/Kgm

Then the amount of contamination equals (2.7 x10^6/ 370) = 7297 times more

Area of ground measurements
[Arabic numerals in brackets in various places over the diagram - cross in top left hand corner pointing north to top of page/east to the left]

ATTACHMENT NUMBER 5

THE RELATIVE AGENCIES
FORTHE QA'QA'/28 BOMB

[Note:- translator not sure of significance of "relative agencies"]

[Arabic in diagram -"plate thickness '" followed by 1.5mm and 3mm]

[Arabic in bottom right - "shaft" followed by st 50-2]

[Word above "NAME" = base]

[list of names under word "SCALE"]

Muhammad
Hisan 'Abd al-
Engineer 'Adnan Yusuf
Husain Muhammad Khaled

[across bottom:-] LEAD CONTAINER FIXING BASE, al-QA'QA' GENERAL
ESTABLISHMENT

ATTACHMENT NUMBER 6

THE NEUTRON CALCULATIONS FOR THE IRRADIATION OF CERTAIN MATTER IN REACTOR 14 TAMMUZ

To find out the irradiation potential of certain materials such as :- Zr, As, NaCl in the vertical tubes of reactor 14 Tammuz, which has 22 tubes. We concentrated on two points, one of these was the changes which took place in the reaction as a result of inserting these substances and secondly, what was the extent of the radio activity resulting from the irradiation process of these substances and the period of irradiation. In order to carry out these calculations operations cycle Nr 11 was used in order to calculate the change in the reaction and the non-neutron values in the vertical tubes in order to calculate the radioactivity.

Discussion of the results.

Diagram 1 contains a transverse cross section of the vertical tube when the radius of the matter which is to be irradiated is 2.25 cm (and 58 cm long) and surrounded by an aluminium cover 1.5 mm thick and a layer of normal water (for cooling) 2 mm thick and the external radius of the lube is 2.7 cm, 22 tubes were allocated to the irradiation in order to find out the effect of these substances
on the reaction. Then the core of the reactor and the tubes surrounding it were represented by means of one of the diffusion programmes. Table Nr 1 includes the most important information used in the calculations and one of the [word missed] in this table is the use of the theoretical density of these substances, but the true value depends on manufacture.

It will be noted in Table 1 that the greatest loss in reaction was in the case of table salt because of the presence of the element [word missed] when the transverse cross section reaches sigma NaCl 2200 = 33.8b. But in the case of As the radio activity in it is higher although the period of irradiation is higher than that of NaCl, this is because the half-life of the isotope As is greater than that of sodium. We also notice a very slight increase in the reaction when Zr is put in because the transverse cross section for the absorption ofZr is less then that of hydrogen and also the radio activity is less than in the two previous cases because the [word missed ] of the isotope Zr96 and also of the smallness of
the transverse cross section for this isotope is.o5b = 2200 Zr96 sigma. It is important to mention that the period of irradiation of all substances is approximately 4 half-lives of the isotope when the amount of the substance formed reaches 93.7 % [word missed] to place the isotope for a very long
period (infinity >- - - - t/i.rr) one must indicate here that this [word missed] to be returned to the irradiation cycle which it is determined that the experiment should enter in order to obtain accurate values.

TABLE NR 1

Table showing the changes in the reaction and the amount of radio activity for each substance.

[table in English]

Diagram Nr 1
Transverse cross section of the tube in which it is wanted to irradiate the sample.

[title missed]

[at top of box "the lead armour"]
[in centre of box "the neutron ....."]
[to right of box ''The vertical columns"]

In the name of Allah the compassionate.

TOP SECRET AND PERSONAL

Refer to the file Nr and
give it full when replying

Ministry of Defence
HQ Air Force and Air Defence
Unit/6021

He who fights with honour earns glory

Nr 731

Date l7 Dec 1987
9915
21 12 87

To: al-Qa'qa' General Establishment
Subject: Experiment Report

Your top secret and personal letter 387 dated 25/11/1987.

Further to our top secret and personal letter 706 dated 812/1987 attached is the report of the experiment of the Qa'qa' - 28 bombs.

Please study and inform us ... ..with respect.
attachments 01 report

Lt General (Air force)
Hamid Sha'ban
Commander of the Air Force and Air Defence

In the name of Allah the compassionate
Top Secret and Personal

Subject: experiment report

HQ
Air Force and Air Defence
Technical [possibly ;- ''Office"] of the Commander
Directorate of Air Weapons

1. We carried out the inspection operations for the bombs produced and reserved for us by the al -Qa'qa' General Establishment. The type was Qa'qa' - 28 #02. Regarding their suitability for loading and compared them with the inspection certificates sent with them and the bombs were loaded on the body carrier of the aircraft Mig "F l" type "915" using the al-Jazzar rocket carriage to increase its
weight.

2. On 8/12/1987..we discussed the desired air conditions connected with the [word obliterated] and the course and dropping for the four programmes consisting of the four [bombs], two dummy bombs and two live bombs in the presence of the work party whose names are given below:-

a. Brigadier (Air Force) Salahal-DinYusufHadi - Head of the Committee
b. Chemist Dhaif'Abd al-Hamid Ahmad
c. Major (engineer) Walid Shaker Ahmad
e. Major (engineer) 'Imad 'Abd al-Karim lbrahim
f. Cap: Ahmad Muhammad Ri\ adh 'Abd al-Ghafar

2. Below is a table showing the air details and the results of the strikes on the ground.

4. The following attended the experiment and viewed its execution

a. Representatives of the Ministry of Defence
b. Chemist Dhaif Abd al-Majid Ahmad, The Director Genera of al-Qa'qa'
General Establishment
c. Engineer 'Adnan Yusuf Husain, Representative of al-Qa'qa' General Establishment
d. Major (engineer) Walid Shaker Ahmad, Representatives of the Air Weapons Directorate
e. Major (engineer) 'Imad 'Abd al-Karim Ibrahim, -"-
f. Capt Ahmad Muhammad Riyadh 'Abd al-Ghafar, -"-

5. The air [strikes] were carried out by :-

a. Major (air.force) Kafah Muhammad 'Ali, Commander 79 Squadron
b. Major (air force) Nabil Nadim, Deputy Commander 79 Squadron

6. Formal production requirements
a. The forward aperture of the detonator was to be 52 x 3 to mount the fuse Jupiter -4
b. The rear aperture of the detonator to be to the measurements of the western rear
aperture which works at speed
c. Make a side aperture for the fins to fit the rear propeller of the detonator and the [possibly:- "gap"] MK-84 as in the test programme.
d. The central charge (the booster) to be inside the forward and rear aperture of the explosive the same size as the remaining gap in the capacity of the detonator and as far as the pipes go

7. Tactical requirements and for which we must be provided with the following
information when these bombs are being used tactically.
a. Area of the effect.
b. Strength of the effect.
c. Affect of the surrounding conditions on the special charge after the explosion, i.e. wind, pressure, nature of the ground (dry - [word u/r]), testing over water, fog and high pressure.
d. inform our directorate by telephone when it has been decided to use the bombs under discussion in order that we may send one of the officers mentioned in 4 above to supervise carrying out of the task.
e. Period of storage.
f. Officials of the production establishment to observe.
g. "QA'QA'-28 SC" to be written on the body of the bomb

8. Suggestions

Study the possibilities of lessening the total weight of the bomb by using known
production methods lessening the thickness from what it is at present, as follows:-

First. It is not possible to land with the bomb after the flight if the mission is not
accomplished as the current weight at present is 1,400 Kgm

Second. If the weight is reduced it is possible to arm two bombs on a Mirage aircraft and load them on the

Third. It is difficult to arm the bomb with its present weight on the fuselage carrier as there is no loading carriage which can lift such a weight, so an al-Jazzar rocket carriage to be used.

Study the feasability of using Soviet and Spanish 1,500, 3,000, 5,000 or 9,000 Kgm bombs for the same purpose and which are used on TU ## and TU #06
aircraft.

For your perusal [etc]

Brigadier (air force)
Salah al-Din YusufHamadi
Director of Air Weapons
Head of Working Part^

Chemist
Dhaif'Abd al-Hamid Ahmad
Dir Gen al-Qa'qa' Establishment

Engineer
'Adnan YusufHusain
Representative of al-Qa'qa' Gen. Establishment

Major (engineer)
Walid Shaker Ahmad
Air Weapons Directorate

Captain
Muhammad Riyadh 'Abd al-Ghafar
Air Weapons Directorate

In the name of Allah the compassionate
TOP SECRET AND PERSONAL

Note the reference Nr
and use it when replying.

Ministry of Defence
HQ Air Force and Air Defence
Unit 6021
Nr: 706
Date 8/12/1987

To - al-Qa'qa' General Establishment

Subject - Formation of a working party

Your top secret and personal letter 7000/387 dated 25/11/1987.

Please name your representatives in order that a working party can be formed to complete the remaining tasks for the air tests and investigate suitability of the bomb in question to be carried on aircraft of our air force. Note that the following officers are representing us:-

1 . Brigadier (air force) Salah al-Din Yusuf Hamadi
2. Major (engineer) Walid Shaker [name u/r]
3. Major (engineer) 'Imad 'Abd al-Kasem lbrahim
4. Captain Ahmad Muhammad Riyadh 'Abd al-Ghafar

For your attention and report

Signed

Brigadier (air force)
Commander Air Force and Air Defence

1. Major General Haitham al-Shabyani

2. [word u/r] Faez 'Abd al-

3. Doctor Shaker Mahmud

4.Mr Dhaif-Abd al-Hamid

5. Mr Husain Muhammad Na....

6. Mr

7. Mr